Metabolic & GLP-1 Monitoring Panel

Blood sugar

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. As sugar circulates in your blood, some of it attaches to hemoglobin and stays for the life of the cell, about three months. HbA1c is the percentage of hemoglobin with sugar attached, reflecting your average blood sugar over that time.

Why it’s measured: To see your average blood sugar over roughly the past three months.

Insulin (fasting)

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps move sugar from your blood into your cells. A fasting insulin level shows how much insulin your body is making to keep blood sugar in range. Read with fasting glucose, it can add context when insulin resistance is a question.

Why it’s measured: Adds context on insulin resistance when read with fasting glucose.

Metabolic

Glucose

Glucose is the sugar your body uses as its main source of energy. The level in your blood at the moment of the draw rises after eating and falls between meals, so a fasting sample is the usual way to read it. It is commonly checked when blood sugar or diabetes is a question.

Why it’s measured: To see your blood sugar at the time of the draw, ideally after fasting.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Urea is a waste product your liver makes when it breaks down protein, and your kidneys clear it into urine. BUN measures the urea nitrogen in your blood. It can shift with hydration, the protein in your diet, and how well the kidneys are filtering, so it is read with creatinine.

Why it’s measured: To help gauge kidney filtering and hydration, read alongside creatinine.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product made at a fairly steady rate by your muscles and removed by your kidneys. Because the kidneys clear it, the level in your blood helps show how well they are filtering. Muscle mass, age, and sex affect the usual level, so it is read in context.

Why it’s measured: A common measure of kidney filtering, and the basis for eGFR.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

eGFR is not measured directly. The lab calculates it from your creatinine result along with your age and sex to estimate how much blood your kidneys filter each minute. It gives a clearer view of kidney function than creatinine alone, and a provider reads it over time.

Why it’s measured: To estimate kidney filtering from your creatinine, age, and sex.

BUN/creatinine ratio

This ratio compares your BUN result with your creatinine result. The lab calculates it from the two numbers rather than measuring it separately. A provider may look at it to help sort out whether a change in kidney numbers relates to hydration, diet, or kidney function.

Why it’s measured: Adds context when BUN or creatinine is outside the reference range.

Sodium

Sodium is an electrolyte that helps control the balance of water in and around your cells and supports nerve and muscle function. Blood sodium reflects your fluid balance as much as the salt you eat, and it can shift with hydration, some medicines, and conditions that affect the kidneys or hormones.

Why it’s measured: A core electrolyte for checking fluid and electrolyte balance.

Potassium

Potassium is an electrolyte that your nerves and muscles, including your heart, need to work properly. Your kidneys keep the level in a narrow range. It can be affected by kidney function, some medicines such as diuretics, and how the sample is handled, so it is read with other results.

Why it’s measured: Muscles and the heart depend on potassium staying in a narrow range.

Chloride

Chloride is an electrolyte that works with sodium to keep fluids and electrical charges in balance in your body. It usually moves in step with sodium. It is rarely read on its own and is most useful alongside sodium, potassium, and carbon dioxide in an electrolyte or metabolic panel.

Why it’s measured: Read with sodium and CO2 to check fluid and acid-base balance.

Carbon dioxide (CO2, bicarbonate)

This result mostly reflects bicarbonate, a form of carbon dioxide that helps keep your blood from becoming too acidic or too alkaline. Your lungs and kidneys work together to hold it steady. It is read with the other electrolytes to look at your body’s acid-base balance.

Why it’s measured: A window on acid-base balance, read with the other electrolytes.

Calcium

Calcium is a mineral your bones, muscles, nerves, and heart all rely on. Hormones, including parathyroid hormone and vitamin D, keep the level in your blood tightly controlled. Because part of blood calcium travels attached to albumin, a provider often reads it alongside your albumin result.

Why it’s measured: To check a mineral that bones, nerves, and muscles all depend on.

Liver

Total protein

Total protein measures the two main groups of protein in your blood: albumin and globulins. These proteins carry substances through the body, help keep fluid inside blood vessels, and support the immune system. The total can shift with liver or kidney function, hydration, and inflammation.

Why it’s measured: A broad look at blood proteins made by the liver and immune system.

Albumin

Albumin is the main protein your liver makes. It helps keep fluid inside your blood vessels and carries hormones, vitamins, medicines, and minerals such as calcium through your blood. Levels can change with liver or kidney conditions, hydration, and longer-term illness.

Why it’s measured: Reflects liver protein production and fluid balance in the blood.

Globulin (calculated)

Globulins are a group of blood proteins that includes many of the antibodies your immune system makes, along with proteins that carry other substances. The lab calculates globulin by subtracting albumin from total protein, rather than measuring it on its own.

Why it’s measured: Adds context on the proteins in your blood other than albumin, including many antibodies.

Albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio

The A/G ratio compares your albumin result with your globulin result. The lab calculates it from the other two numbers. It does not point to a specific condition, but a provider may use it alongside your other protein and liver results to decide whether anything needs a closer look.

Why it’s measured: A calculated comparison that adds context to your protein results.

Bilirubin, total

Bilirubin is a yellow substance made when old red blood cells break down. Your liver processes it and sends it out in bile. Total bilirubin includes both the processed and unprocessed forms. A higher level can relate to the liver, the bile ducts, or faster breakdown of red blood cells.

Why it’s measured: Reflects how bilirubin from old red blood cells is made and cleared.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

ALP is an enzyme found mainly in your liver and bones, with smaller amounts in other tissues. A higher level can relate to the liver or bile ducts, or to bone growth or bone conditions. Because it comes from more than one place, it is usually read alongside GGT and other liver results.

Why it’s measured: An enzyme that can reflect stress on the liver, bile ducts, or bones.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

AST is an enzyme found in your liver and also in your heart, muscles, and other tissues. When these cells are injured, AST leaks into the blood. Hard exercise, muscle strain, and some medicines can raise it, so it is read together with ALT and your other results.

Why it’s measured: An enzyme that rises when liver or muscle cells are under stress.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

ALT is an enzyme found mostly in your liver. When liver cells are inflamed or injured, more ALT moves into the blood, so it is one of the more liver-specific enzymes. Alcohol, some medicines, and fat in the liver can raise it, and a provider reads it with AST and other results.

Why it’s measured: One of the more liver-specific enzymes on a routine panel, read alongside AST.

Lipids & heart

Total cholesterol

Cholesterol is a waxy fat your body uses to build cells and make hormones. It travels in your blood inside particles called lipoproteins. Total cholesterol adds up the cholesterol carried in all of them, including HDL. It is read with HDL and triglycerides as part of heart-risk conversations.

Why it’s measured: A starting point for heart-risk conversations, read with HDL and triglycerides.

HDL cholesterol

HDL is a lipoprotein that carries cholesterol away from your arteries and back to your liver for processing. Higher HDL has generally been linked to lower heart risk, though it is read as part of the full set of results. Exercise, smoking, weight, and diabetes can all affect it.

Why it’s measured: The cholesterol carrier linked to moving cholesterol out of arteries.

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in your blood. Your body stores extra calories as triglycerides and uses them for energy between meals. The level rises after eating, so a fasting sample is the usual way to read it. It is checked alongside cholesterol in heart-risk conversations.

Why it’s measured: A blood fat read with cholesterol, usually measured after fasting.

VLDL cholesterol (calculated)

VLDL is a lipoprotein that carries mostly triglycerides, along with some cholesterol, from your liver to the rest of your body. The lab calculates VLDL cholesterol from your fasting triglyceride result rather than measuring it directly, which is why fasting matters for this number.

Why it’s measured: Estimates cholesterol carried in triglyceride-rich particles.

• Each marker next to the lab’s reference range
• Explained in plain language
• A licensed clinician reviews your order and, if appropriate, orders the test.
• A lab report you can download and share

Changes between results can have many causes. A healthcare provider should interpret them and guide any decisions about your care.